The Government's Support for R&D
The UK government is actively promoting research and development (R&D) among businesses with a variety of tax incentives. Recognizing R&D as a cornerstone of economic prosperity, the government aims to boost innovation within the economy.
This is achieved by encouraging businesses to take advantage of R&D tax reliefs. These incentives include increased deductions for R&D expenses and tax credits. Let's explore how these incentives operate.
Defining a Small or Medium-sized Enterprise (SME)
An SME in the UK is defined as a limited company that is subject to UK Corporation Tax (CT) and meets certain criteria. It should either be an independent company or part of a group that employs no more than 500 full-time equivalent staff AND either:
- Has an annual turnover of less than €100 million, or
- Has balance sheet totals not exceeding €86 million.
Tax Reliefs for SME Companies
SMEs can claim enhanced deductions from their taxable profits for expenditures that qualify as R&D. As of 1 April 2023, the enhancement rate is 86% (previously 130% before April 2023).
This means companies can deduct a total of 186% of their actual R&D expenses. In effect, this could lead to a corporation tax reduction of up to 22.79%, depending on the applicable tax rate.
If an R&D claim results in a tax loss for the company, they might be eligible to convert this loss into a cash repayment. From 1 April 2023, this repayment rate is 10% (previously 14.5%). Therefore, a surrendered loss could yield a repayment of up to 18.6% of the R&D expenditure.
Furthermore, from 1 April 2023, SMEs that are significantly focused on R&D (defined as having at least 40% of their total expenses dedicated to qualifying R&D) and are operating at a loss can benefit from a higher payable credit rate of 14.5%. This could increase the potential repayment to as much as 27% of the R&D expenditure.
Special Provisions for Pre-trading Expenditure
Companies that incur qualifying R&D costs before they start trading can treat 186% of that expenditure as a trading loss for the pre-trading period. This can be particularly beneficial as it provides an opportunity for new businesses to gain essential cash flow through the surrender of pre-trading losses.
R&D Capital Expenditure
Finally, companies incurring qualifying R&D capital expenditures are entitled to a 100% research and development allowance. However, the specifics of this allowance are beyond the scope of this summary.
The Scheme at a Glance
- Wide range of qualifying costs and activities
- Reduce taxable profits or get cash back
- Available to any limited company
- Essential part of tax planning
- Many companies are unaware and may be missing out
Understanding the PAYE and NIC Cap
From 1 April 2021, SMEs claiming a tax credit of more than £20,000 will need to check to see if they are affected by the PAYE/NIC cap of 3x PAYE/NIC costs +£20,000. Richard Hill explains what this means for your business.